Onchain Infra · Settlement · 01 / 22
Consensus
Agreeing on one history
Validators agree on the order of transactions and when a block is final. Everything above inherits its speed and its guarantees.
Where it connects
How It Works
- 01ProposeA leader bundles transactions into a block.
- 02VoteValidators check it and sign; stake or identity backs each vote.
- 03FinalizePast a threshold, the block can't be reverted.
Designs
01
Proof of work
Longest chain wins; finality is probabilistic.
02
Proof of stake, longest chain
Fast blocks, finality after a checkpoint.
03
BFT
Two-thirds vote makes a block final in one round.
Who Builds It
Across ecosystems, not one chain.
BiBitcoinPoWNakamoto consensus, ~10 min blocks
EtEthereumPoSGasper; finality in ~13 minutes
SoSolanaPoSTower BFT with Proof of History
CoCometBFTCosmosInstant-finality BFT for appchains
ApAptos · SuiBFTHotStuff and DAG-based protocols
CoCommonwareTempoSimplex BFT library in Rust
What to Compare
01
Time to finality
02
Fault tolerance and validator count
03
What happens on failure: halt or fork
On Tempo
On Tempo · In the protocol
Simplex BFT with a permissioned, institutional validator set. Blocks are final in one pass, about every half second.
~0.5s
Block time
18K
TPS measured
0
Re-orgs
Validators
Simplex BFTSafe < 1/3 faultyLive ≥ 2/3 online
Finalized chain
~0.5s#4,217,000 Final
#4,216,999 Final
#4,216,998 Final
#4,216,997 Final
#4,216,996 Final
No re-orgs. No extra confirmations.
Threshold BLS key
DKG · every ~3hEpoch
reshare
Simplex BFT
CommonwareValidators vote blocks final in a single round
Deterministic finality
A finalized block can never be reverted
VRF leader election
Random proposer resists DoS and MEV
Threshold BLS + DKG
One network key, reshared every ~3 hours
Reth client
Open sourceProduction Rust stack, EVM tooling works
Millisecond timestamps
Sub-second ordering in every header
Used By
DoorDashMarketplace payoutsSub-second Finality
Felix PagoRemittanceSub-second Finality
KartaSelf-custody money appSub-second Finality
RedotPayAgentic paymentsSub-second Finality
KASTCards & EarnSub-second Finality
MoneyGramRemittanceValidator Network
OnePayConsumer fintechValidator Network
AltitudeBusiness finance OSSub-second Finality